Khazar-khum Wrote:
-------------------------------------------------------
> > > * Despite an atractive surmise vis a vis
> Paateneb
> > or Paatenheb --> Horemheb, no clear link
> > between these two men as the same has ever
> been
> > established.
>
> I don't know--they hold pretty much the same
> titles & the names are very close. I would
> find it prculiar that two high-ranking generals
> with virtually identical names held identical
> ranks under kings from the same family. It's too
> unlikely.

I don't think you can say that for certain for a number of reasons:

- the name extension /-m-Hb/ means "in a festive mood, joyous" [[i]in festlicher Stimmung, fröhlich[/i], (Hannig 1995: 521a]. It can, under the usual naming styles in Egyptian culture, be preceded by any deity's name. So, Paatenemheb = "The Aten (is) in festival", while Horemheb = "Horus (is) in festival," and so on. As such, this type of name extension would have been a fairly common one, as theophoric names go.

- The name of Paatenemheb's family is known, and in fact there are several examples at Amarna of his name being attached to the family of Ptah-may, including a stela showing Paatenemheb making offerings to his father and mother on a memorial votive stela (see more on this, below). Had Paatenemheb = Horemheb, these family names/images should appear somewhere at least in Horemheb's Saqqara tomb. They do not, which makes the idenification of Paatenemheb with Horemheb somewhat problematic, in my mind, for no Egyptian noble would ignore his family line, particularly if they of were importance, as was Ptah-may. Yet there is NO mention of family by Horemheb at all, except for the first wife, Amenia, and possibly Mutnedjmet, reflected in the Saqqara tomb of Horemheb.

- The titles of Horemheb and Paatenemheb don't match, in reality. Paatenemheb's titles are /sS nsw/, "scribe of the king" (as also possessed by Horemheb), and the title of "overseer [General] of the army" /imy-r mSaw/ (de Garies Davies 1908: 15 and Plate XIII) . But Horemheb's titles, even in his noble tomb at Saqqara, are consistently given as /imry-r mSa wr n nb tAwy/, "Great General (Commander in Chief/Generalissimo) of the Army of the King of the Two Lands" (Martin 1991 and Schneider 1996).

I don't think this is enough to equate the two, as an army can have many generals, but usually only one Commander in Chief.

The presumption that Paatenemheb = Horemheb runs on the rather mistaken assumption that anyone who had the name of another deity as part of their name was forced to change it under Akhenaten's reign, or that all who had a name with an -Aten extension to their name at Amarna obviously changed it to something else after the Amarna period.

This doesn't appear to be the case, particularly for inhabitants at Amarna, such as Ramose and Thutmose, both important nobles in service to the Amarna royal family, who show no change of their names (nor does Swty, a fan bearer to the king, whose name equates with that of the god Seth) to an -Aten extension or any related theophoric extension to the Aten.

As for name changes after the Amarna period, we do know that did occur, as in the case of Meryneith/Meryre at Saqqara. But what is interesting about this name change also somewhat disproves the contention that Paatenemheb must be Horemheb by disassociating himself with the Atenist regime.

For Meryneith/Meryre goes from being Meryneith--->Meryre--->Meryneith, all within the same tomb, which Raven (2002: 26) points out tends to date the tomb as to its owner's life experiences, as his titles also change from the Amarna titles of "Steward of the Temple of Aten" and "Scribe of the Temple of Aten" as Meryneith, which he also maintained under the name of Meryre, but he is considered the "Greatest of Seers [i.e. high priest] of the Aten" and "High Priest of the Temple of Neith" when he reverts back to the name of Meryneith, during the reign of Tutankhamun. So, there's no need to change to the name to an -Aten extension or a related theophoric extension, such as -re, to be part of the Atenist regime, or to even serve in the Aten cult, it appears - either before or after the Akhenaten kingship.

Meanwhile, the name and titles of Horemheb appear to be consistent throughout his Saqqara tomb, showing no change or erasures (Martin 1991; Schneider 1996). One could argue that Horemheb abandoned his largely uninscribed tomb at Amarna and decided to make a fresh new tomb start at Saqqara, I suppose, but this again seems more than odd that he would abandon any mention of his family, to which Paatenemheb appears to have been uniquely devoted (See Freed, Markowitz, et al. 1999: 271, No. 237, a stela of Ptahmay showing Paatenemheb and his sister Meryt making prayers and offerings to their (deceased) parents).

Even kings with known unroyal fathers continue to mention them in their tombs and other monuments, sometimes conveying royal titles upon them after the fact, as in the case of Amenemhat I, Ramses I, etc. So why would Horemheb purposely divest himself of reference to the family of Ptah-May, who was the Guardian of the Royal Treasury under Akhenaten?

> Didn't Aye have a son?

It's unclear whether Ay's heir was also his son, as Nakhtmin, an army officer closely associated with Ay and whose statuary at one points shows the title, /sn nsw [...]/, "king's son [...]" (of his body' (Ay), or 'of Kush'? It's not clear). It appears that Nakhtmin was Ay's choice as heir, but that seems to have been thwarted by the power struggle between Horemheb and Nakhtmin, who ended up losing the battle (on this struggle, see Ockinga 1997).

>And didn't Horemheb marry Nefertiti's sister?

That used to be accepted as a fact, but more recently, a review of Mutnedjmet's titles have noted they do not mention any royal relationship titles at all, which would have been the main reason for Horemheb to marry Mutnedjmet, as a means of "marrying into" the royal line (a'la the rational behind the "Egyptian Queen" correspondence referring to the plan of the "servant of mine")). So why marry Mutnedjmet in order to justify your position on the throne, if she doesn't possess any relationship titles to a king or his family - any king, in fact?

Further, recent retranslations of Nefertiti's sister's name renders it as 'Mutbenret' and not Mutnedjmet. This argues rather convincingly they are not the same person (Martin 1982: 227-278; Reeves in Freed, Markowitz, et al 1999: 87; 95, n. 38)

Reference:

de Garies Davies, N. 1908. The Rock Tombs of el Amarna, Part V: Smaller Tombs and Boundary Stelae. Archaeological Survey of Egypt. 17th Memoir. F. L. Griffith. London: Egypt Exploration Fund. (see this for tombs of Ptah-May and Paatenemheb at Amarna)

Freed, R. E., Y. J. Markowitz, et al., Eds. 1999. Pharaohs of the Sun: Akhenaten: Nefertiti: Tutankhamen. Boston: Museum Fine Arts/Bulfinch Press/Little, Brown and Company.

Hannig, R. 1995. Die Sprache der Pharaonen: Großes Handwörterbuch Ägyptisch-Deutsch (2800 - 950 v. Chr.). Kulturegeschichte der Antiken Welt 64. Mainz: von Zabern.

Martin, G. T. 1991. The Hidden Tombs of Memphis: New Discoveries from the Times of Tutankhamun and Ramesses the Great. New Aspects of Antiquity. C. Renfrew. New York: Thames and Hudson.

Martin, G. T. 1982. Queen Mutnodjmet at Memphis and el-'Amarna. In L'Égyptologie en 1979. Axes prioritaires de recherches, 2: 225-278. Paris: Éditions du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique.

Ockinga, B. G. 1997. A Tomb from the Reign of Tutankhmun at Akhmim. Australian Center for Egyptology Reports 10. Warminster: Aris and Phillips.

Raven, M. 2002. The tomb of Meryneith at Saqqara. Egyptian Archaeology 20: 26-28.

Reeves, N. 1999. The Royal Family. In R. E. Freed, Y. J. Markowitz, et al., Eds., Pharaohs of the Sun: Akhenaten: Nefertiti: Tutankhamen: 81-95. Boston: Museum Fine Arts/Bulfinch Press/Little, Brown and Company.

Schneider, H. D., C. J. Eyre, et al. 1996. The Memphite Tomb of Horemheb, Commander in Chief of Tutankhamun. II. A Catalogue of the Finds. Sixtieth Excavation Memoir. A. Leahy. London/Leiden: Egypt Exploration Society/Rijksmuseum van Oudheden.

HTH.

Katherine Griffis-Greenberg

Doctoral Candidate
Oriental Institute
Doctoral Programme in Oriental Studies [Egyptology]
Oxford University
Oxford, United Kingdom





Edited 1 time(s). Last edit at 07/25/2007 05:43AM by Katherine Griffis-Greenberg.