A few issues need to be clarified:


1. I strongly suspect that Rodney Hale overlaid photos of Cygnus on the Giza layout, and got excited when he saw an 'exact' match. However, as I already have pointed out, this is wrong methodology. A good astronomy program that takes into account proper motion can easily simulate the stars as the AE would have seen them 4600 years ago, and it turns out there is no 'exact' or 'precise' match at all - only a fairly good match.

An exact match might generate initial excitement, but is not required for the idea to work - a reasonably good match is enough.


2. AC: "The Stretching of the Cord ceremony not only involved the stars of Ursa major but, I believe, also those of Cygnus as it made its upper meridian transit."


At its highest point in the sky due north (upper meridian transit), Deneb was 83.7 deg alt c.2600 BC. This means it was almost directly overhead and very difficult if not impossible to align with msxtiw (the 'Plough' / 'Big Dipper') which was as at its lowest point in the sky due north c.2600 BC. Apart from the problem of Deneb being nearly directly overhead, there was no star in msxtiw due north at the same time as Deneb c.2600 BC.


Detailed descriptions of the 'stretching the cord' ritual are from a very late period in AE history. The ritual involved looking at msxtiw (the 'Plough' / 'Big Dipper', a large distinctive asterism in Ursa Major) and establishing the temple in the traditional manner. The purpose of the ritual was to establish the four angles (corners) of the building. The king 'stretched the cord' while looking at the sky, observing the stars and facing msxtiw. The 'observations' noted the movements of the stars, and the 'course' of msxtiw. Poles, a length of cord, a merkhet (a notched wooden instrument), and a plumb-bob were used in the ritual.

Among the deities mentioned are Seshat (sSAt, goddess of record-keeping, archives and building); 'Perception' (siA, faculty of the gods and the king for recognizing what needs to be done to preserve of enhance Maat - as a god accompanies the Sun in his boats); 'Plumb-bob' who gave instructions and the 'Indicator of Time' standing with a merkhet.


When Thoth and Khnum were involved, the temple of 'Sun - Horus of the Akhet' (ra Hrw Axti) was built in conformity with the Akhet bearing his disc. The shadow of the sun from 'He-who-makes-existence-run-its-course' was involved in the establishing of the angle.


Perhaps two methods of establishing the main axis of the sacred building / structure were used - stellar and solar, or some buildings were oriented with a stellar and others with a solar method.

However, neither method explicitly mentions Cygnus, Sokar (zkrw, 'Speeder') or Dewenanui (dwn-anwi, 'Long Wings').


3. AC: "Sokar is additionally connected with the benben, a sacred egg-like stone symbolising cosmic creation, which might also have been of meteoric origin. This link between Sokar and the benben is found in the Pyramid Texts, which state that the egg-like stone ‘is in the Mansion of Sokar’."


AFAIK, there is no mention of an egg-like stone.

The determinative for the benben (bnbn) in 'Sokar's Enclosure', is not egg-shaped, but cone shaped with a bulbous top, similar to the White Crown (HDt) of Upper Egypt)

An earlier mention of the benben in the 'Benben Enclosure' at Iunu has a determinative similar to M35, a 'heap of corn' (M35 is the det. in wbn, 'overflow', pronounced the same as wbn, 'rise'). Again its not egg-shaped.

However, in the OK PTs, Sokar is mentioned in connection with an egg. Sokar of 'Spread Lake' breaks the egg of the king (with his harpoons?) and unites his metal (bands). The king flies in the Sokar-boat landing on the wings of his father Geb. (N 347)

CT