Regarding the similar orientation of the Kentkawes complex and the Wall of the crow, Lehner explains this as a reflection of the general trend of the wadi that cuts across the plateau -

[www.aeraweb.org]

- he gives the orientation of the Wall of the crow as 5.5° to 6° from east.

He writes - " The central canal basin shares the counterclockwise orientation of the Wall of the Crow, which is shared by all other 4th Dynasty structures at Giza, except for the pyramids, their temples, and the mastaba cemeteries east and west of the Khufu Pyramid."

But what of the causeways? The sloping rock glacis separating Khafre and the Sphinx is the ideal location for a causeway, yet the same cannot be said for Khufu. Moreover these causeways appear to be 'symmetrically' laid out and this is surely significant.

The problem is that different angles are given in the literature. Hassan assumed 14 degrees. The GPMP base map yields about 13.3 degrees. In the case of Khufu, Nell and Ruggles give 13 degrees 29'30" whereas Hawass has 14 degrees 46'56". (?)

Taking the angle as 14 degrees, Bauval and Magli argued for bisection of the extremes of solar azimuths (28 degrees) as an explanation, supposing some sort of calendrical significance. Certainly solar alignment held great meaning for ancient cultures - Khafre's valley complex fronted the principal harbour and from here the theophany represented by the midwinter sun setting between the two large pyramids is obvious, and must have been contrived. Yet what
emerges from pyramid design is a strict proportional approach and one not explained by astronomical alignment, beyond cardinality and the pole of the heavens. Could it then be that the builders just laid out the causeways as 1 : 4 rectangles? If the architects in fact gave special significance to the 'quarter dates' then this would be a bonus. We might even see something similar with Khufu's shafts - these were laid out using geometry but at the same time may have been conceived as 'formalizing' stellar alignments.